----------------- HES POSTING ----------------- In reply to Nerio Naldi's query regarding "the quantity of labor commanded" before Smith, I offer the following observations: William Petty proposed to judge the purchasing power of silver in terms of labor units "commanded" in Treatise of Taxes (1662). See Charles Henry Hull, __The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty__ , vol. 1, p. 51: "the time wherein each Devisee had wherewith to hire most labourers was the richer." A few pages later he applies the same measure to judge the purchasing power of tythes paid: though tythes had increased in nominal terms some 12 times over the preceding 400 years, Petty concluded that "we shall rather say that the Tythes are but six times as good now as four hundred years ago, that is, that the Tythes now would pay six times as many Labourers, or feed six times as many mouthes, as the Tythes four hundred years ago would have done" (ibid, p. 78). That the laborer's wage serves as an ideal deflator is given added force by the assumption that the magistrates will adjust the legally established wage to maintain the real wage unchanged over time: "Now the price of labour must be certain, (as we see it made by the Statutes which limit the day wages of several work men;) the non-observance of which Laws, and the not adapting them to the change of times is by the way very dangerous and confusive to all endeavours of bettering the Trade of the Nation" (ibid, p. 52, see also p. 87). This notion of a fixed, legally established real wage was not unique to Petty. Rice Vaughan had claimed some thirty years earlier (in the early 1630s) "that Reason doth convince that there must be a convenient Proportion between [laborers'] Wages and their Food and Raiment, the Wisdom of the Statute doth confirm it, which doth always direct the Rate of Labourers and Servants to be made with a regard of the Prices of Victuals, Apparel, and other things necessary to their use" (__Discourse of Coin and Coinage__ in J. R. McCulloch, __Old and Scarce Tracts on Money__, p. 59.) We find elsewhere in the 17th and 18th centuries this notion that the wage serves as an appropriate deflator, producing a "labor-commanded" unit of value measure An oft-cited example is Benjamin Franklin, who echoed a common view of his time that "the Riches of a Country are to be valued by the Quantity of Labour its Inhabitants are able to purchase" ("Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of Paper Currency" [1729], __Life and Writings__, ed. by Albert Henry Smyth, vol. II, p. 144) Some further discussion of these points can be found in my piece on "Sir William Petty on Value: A Reconsideration," in Warren J. Samuels, ed., __Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology__, vol, 4 (1986). Glenn Hueckel ------------ FOOTER TO HES POSTING ------------ For information, send the message "info HES" to [log in to unmask]