----------------- HES POSTING ----------------- The idea or theory of "animal spirits" runs throughout much modern philosophy in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century, particularly when discussing issues in physiology related to the passions. Notable contributions to this theory can be found in the work of Descartes (Passions of the Soul) and Malebranch (The Search after Truth). Hume also occasionally takes up the theory of animal spirits in the Treatise. How this all is related to Keynes use of the term is an interesting question. Edward J. Harpham ------------ FOOTER TO HES POSTING ------------ For information, send the message "info HES" to [log in to unmask]