----------------- HES POSTING ----------------- On animal spirits see: R C O Matthews, "Animal Spirits", Keynes Lectures in Economics, Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 70, pp. 209-229, 1984, Roger Koppl, "Animal Spirits", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(3), pp. 203-210, 1991. "Animal spirits", before Cartesius & Malebranche, relate to the medical theories of the ancient world where "animal spirits", i.e., gases, are transferred from the brain through the (hollow) nerves to various parts of the body. I find it very doubtful, however, that Keynes, who admired the Principia Ethica, was influenced by Bergsonian philosophy, even if he were - as it is plausible - familiar with it. Nicholas Theocarakis ------------ FOOTER TO HES POSTING ------------ For information, send the message "info HES" to [log in to unmask]