I do have to take issue with the idea that the "institutionalists" opposed Friedman's appointment at Wisconsin because they feared math coming in and supplanting their own approach. Wisconsin had a long history of strength in the teaching of statistics, first with Thomas S. Adams and then with Harry Jerome. Wisconsin had close contacts with the NBER, Commons serving on the Board, Jerome and Willford King being members of the early research staff. Jerome died in 1938 and the teaching of stats in the economics department passed to members of the math department who were nowhere near as up to date as Jerome had been. Bringing Friedman to Wisconsin was the idea of Harold Groves (himself one of the institutionalist group, and a person heavily involved in the passage of Wisconsin's unemployment insurance bill) who wanted him to work on an NBER project at Wisconsin. Friedman was not seen at that time as particularly non-institutionalist, he was seen as someone with strong empirical skills, and trained in good part at the Bureau. He was an NBER man! Groves had the idea that Friedman should review the statistics offerings at Wisconsin. This, of course put Friedman, as a very junior (and visiting) member of the faculty, in a very unenviable position. Friedman wrote his report, a very critical one, as one might expect. Groves wanted Friedman appointed as an assistant professor, despite his not having his PhD. The vote on that was 5 to 4 against with Groves, Leschohier, Taylor, and Perlman in favor. The matter then became heavily embroiled in university politics. There was some degree of anti-semitism at Wisconsin, but a great deal less than at most ivy league schools. Perlman had experienced some of that, and even among those who thought of themselves as "liberal" there was an attitude of "see how liberal we are to accept these people." I have no doubt that anti-semitism played its part, but it is quite inaccurate to portray this event as institutionalists on one side against the math econ types on the other. Witte was opposed, but probably motivated most by a desire not to offend the existing instructors of the statistics courses. The institutionalists were in fact on both sides of the issue, and of course Friedman was being used by Groves to try to achieve his desire to regenerate the former level of statistical expertise within the Department. Malcolm Rutherford.