Apparently, the moderator is more tolerant that I expected. [It seems to me that as long as you stay on the topic of Mises and discuss his role in the history of economic thought, you are well within the bounds of the history of economics. If you feel you are straying, please remember that you can self-censor. To be clear: you do not have to reply to every message or get the last word in. While I'm here, let's remember that civility also matters. Yours in moderation, HB] So, OK, I have no trouble defending Mises with words and arguments. So long as you don't bombard me with statements like "this has been dealt with in modern philosophy and is regarded nowadays as trivial," I stand engaged. >From your remarks, I take it that you agree with me that Mises attempted to provide epistemological foundations for economics and that his work is best studied from this perspective (rather than as a representative of some particular branch of economics -- e.g, Austrian economics, liberal economics, libertarian economics, or some other economics that most people would regard as value-oriented). If so, we can begin with a discussion of what economics is about, as Mises conceives it and as it was understood (if only partly so) by the older economists -- e.g., classical economists like Adam Smith. Roughly, but not exactly, speaking, I have in mind such things as self interest, the invisible hand, specialization, competition, and social utility. I maintain that the subject matter of economics so conceived is economic interaction -- how people act under the conditions of a market economy -- private property rights, free enterprise, and the use of money. (It is also about how people act when these conditions are only partly present and when some sort of government policy alters the conditions that would otherwise be present. But the study of economic interaction under these conditions comes later. The starting point is the study of economic interaction, as defined.) So the first point we must establish is whether you agree that the study of this subject is worthwhile. If we can agree on this, we can go on to deal with the issue of the meaning of action and of how to build an epistemological basis of studying it. Pat Gunning