Paul Krugman recently claimed this: "Until John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money in 1936, economics -- at least in the English-speaking world -- was completely dominated by free-market orthodoxy." The idea that British and American economists prior to Keynes, 1936 were all essentially advocates of laissez faire ideology doesn't track with my own understanding of the facts, but I'm not aware of any book or paper which directly provides an ideological census of the economics profession, say in the period between 1890 and 1936. It seems to me also that "free-market orthodoxy" is not a fixed Platonic form, but rather is a contested category which has changed through time -- e.g. the "free market" position on what constitutes a monopoly and how the problem of monopoly should be address has not been a fixed thing through time even among "free market" economists. In any case, some indication of the falsity of Krugman's claim might be suggested by David Rockefeller's story about a list -- a short list -- which Hayek kept in his pocket naming all of the still living believers in classical liberalism. Rockefeller remembers Hayek more than once taking out that list and striking off another name with the death of yet another "last believers" in classical liberalism. This was sometime in the 40s. The fact that many of these folks were dying makes it evident that the turn away from "free market" classical liberalism came well before the year 1936. Is there any literature that directly takes on this issue -- the ideological breakdown of the economics profession in the period between 1890 and 1936, or the laissez faire / anti-laissez faire trends among professional economists in this period? Greg Ransom