Paul Johnson's Modern Times also gives special emphasys to the dirigisme of Herbert Hoover (an almost Saint Simonien "ingenieur social") and early technocratism during the twenties. He dismisses the so called laissez-faire of this period, pointing to early signs of state interventionism, much before the rise of proto-forms of keynesianism. So, cloks have to be turned back almost ten years, before the official start of keynesian policies in middle thirties. Paulo Roberto de Almeida