I'm no expert on this subject, but I may be able to supply a partial answer to Jerry's original question about “Samuel Clemens” vs. “Mark Twain.” After TOM SAWYER fell into the public domain in 1932, many American publishers began issuing unauthorized editions of the book. The novel was no longer protected by copyright, but the name "Mark Twain" was trademarked. Consequently, unauthorized publishers generally--if not always--published TOM SAWYER under the name "Samuel Clemens." Heritage Press must have published its first edition under that name, too. When or why they shifted to "Mark Twain" I do not know. Heritage and its affiliated publisher, Limited Editions Club (which issued pricier numbered copies of the same books with the illustrators' signatures), kept the books in print for many years. If I'm not mistaken, the books themselves don’t always indicate the years in which they were printed. I'm wondering if Heritage got permission from Harper's (MT's authorized publisher) or from the Mark Twain Company to use the name “Mark Twain.” At some point, other unauthorized publishers also started issuing books under the name Mark Twain. I'm not sure when that began. It may have been the late 1940s, as I've noticed that the Grosset & Dunlap edition illustrated by Donald McKay was published under both "Clemens" and "Mark Twain." I haven't seen a Grosset edition with "Clemens" as author, but a "Mark Twain" edition I have in hand right now shows a 1946 copyright for "special contents" (presumably the new illustrations). My copy also shows copyright notices for the Mark Twain Company. This makes me wonder if Grosset decided that having "Mark Twain" on the cover was worth the extra cost of whatever it had to pay the estate for permission. If anyone reading this note can add further details, I would welcome them. An amusing sidelight about the confusion over "Samuel Clemens" vs. "Mark Twain" can often be seen on eBay. Occasionally, eBay dealers list unauthorized editions of TOM SAWYER and claim they're rare because they have the name "Clemens" on them. Such editions typically list no publication or copyright dates at all. In those books, the only date that remains is "1876," the date Mark Twain placed at the end of his Preface. I've seen more than one eBay auction describe one of those books as a first edition published in 1876. The dealers typically remark that the browned pages of the books are indications of the books’ great age. This is ironic, as the pages of true first editions are likely to be less brown than those of the 1930s editions, which were mostly printed on cheap, high-acid newsprint. Jerry also mentions an edition of TOM SAWYER illustrated by Thomas Hart Benton, who illustrated the Heritage/Limited Editions Club edition of LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI. I’ve never seen a TOM SAWYER illustrated by Benton, but abe.com lists several expensive copies of a Limited Editions Club edition that meets that description. Hart also illustrated HUCKLEBERRY FINN; 1994 Easton Press reprints of that edition can apparently be obtained for modest prices. On another matter, Jerry suggests that Norman Rockwell was the only artist to depict the whitewashed fence accurately. I’m not sure this is correct. Aside from the fact that Rockwell’s illustration doesn’t match the book’s description of a fence nine feet high and thirty yards long (of course, Henry Sweets has argued that those dimensions existed only in Tom’s imagination), other illustrators (including Donald McKay) have depicted the fence with vertical boards. Jerry also asked about the book that contained an illustration that Livy Clemens ordered removed. That was the picture of Mark Twain in flames in LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI.