In *Mark Twain's Religion* (2003), William E. Phipps asserts that the Presbyterian hymnal entitled *Psalms and Hymns Adapted to the Social, Private, and Public Worship in the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America *(1843) was the second most influential book in young Sam Clemens's life. Can anyone confirm whether this was in fact the hymnal used by the First Presbyterian Church during the time in which Clemens attended with his mother and siblings? I ask particularly because the First Presbyterian Church in Hannibal became "New School" in 1841 and this hymnal (*Psalms and Hymns*) was actually created by the "Old School" assembly. According to my research, the New School General Assembly of 1840 appointed a committee which published a different hymnal titled *Church Psalmist; or Psalms and Hymns, for the Public, Social, and Private Use of Evangelical Christians* (1843). As a New School church (at least from 1841-1857), Hannibal's First Presbyterian ought to have used *Church Psalmist *rather than *Psalms and Hymns*. Has anyone definitively documented which hymnal was used in the church young Sam attended? Thanks in advance! Sarah [log in to unmask] -- Sarah Fredericks, MA PhD Candidate, American Literature Graduate Associate in Teaching Department of English The University of Arizona