A close reading of Phipp's book shows he may have hedged his bets on the book _Psalms and Hymns_ (1843) when he stated it was "probably" the book that most influenced Mark Twain, second to the Bible. It is unclear if "probably" refers to the actual book or the actual influence. Nothing definite. (Phipps, p. 22). Unfortunately, Phipps died in 2010, so it's impossible to ask him for a clarification. Terrell Dempsey does have an indepth discussion about what was going on in Hannibal between the "old" and "new" schools of religious thought and it was a complicated political/religious situation much of it revolving around the slavery issue. Dempsey does not discuss old and new hymn books. Regarding hymn books -- it would be interesting to make a side-by-side comparison between the two hymnals to determine what hymns might have been deleted and what might have been added. The question also arises -- Did Jane Clemens keep a copy of any discarded "old" hymnals? Especially if she was ambivalent about the "new" directions. Barb