Mark Twain was mistaken. It seems that Greed and Quests for Power do not require a Monarchy. At the same time Jay Gould, a robber baron and railroad magnate, was depicted in an Connecticut Yankee illustration of a slave driver, Howells and Twain were celebrating the deposition of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Rather than the socialist society envisioned by Howells nor the popular overthrowing of a Monarchy as envisioned by Twain, the regime of the Republic of the United States of Brazil was created by coup d’etat. Brazil was now a country controlled by landholding oligarchies, primarily the coffee and dairy industries through the military. /Café com leite /indeed. A Day By Day entry pointed me to a letter from Howells to Twain from December 29, 1889. “I have just heated myself up with your righteous wrath about our indifference to the Brazilian Republic. But it seems to me that you ignore the real reason for it which is that there is no longer an American Republic, but an aristocracy-loving oligarchy in place of it. Why should our Money-bags rejoice in the explosion of a Wind-bag? They know at the bottom of the hole where their souls ought to be that if such an event finally means anything it means their ruin next: and so they don’t rejoice; and as they mostly inspire the people’s voice, the press, the press is dumb.” The reference Howells makes to Twain’s “righteous wrath” was unknown but recently found by Gary Scharnhorst: "Mark Twain on the Brazilian Revolution: A Recovered Essay", available on JSTOR. -- /*Unaffiliated Geographer and Twain aficionado*/ Visit B. Scott Holmes <https://bscottholmes.com> Twain's Geography <https://twainsgeography.com>