To clarify my earlier post, garbled due to the fact that I couldn't edit or erase what I'd written... No, "nigger" is not external to the text itself (though this kind of jargon leads me to peer around after I close my copy of words have escaped the book & are lying underfoot). My point was that I'd always heard Jim referred to as "Nigger Jim." Recently I learned that "Nigger Jim" is an invention of Paine's , not Twain's...though I haven't had time to verify this myself. Can anyone cite the epithet "Nigger Jim" in the text of _Huck. Finn_? I thought this was an interesting tidbit; also interesting is that "Nigger Jim" seems to be the better-known handle for the character. Robert Dagnall