I would be interested in knowing what, if any, changes Paine might have made in this text. In general, I don't trust his texts of anything Twain wrote. William L. Andrews, in "The Politics of Publishing: A Note on the Bowdlerization of Mark Twain," _The Markham Review_ 7 (Fall 1977): 17-20, reviews some of the changes Paine made in texts published in _Europe and Elsewhere_. One surprising change was the deletion from "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" of a concluding section about the army's khaki uniforms. Probably most people who have read this essay have never read the deleted section. Paine's version was included in Neider's _Complete Essays_, Smith's _Mark Twain on the Damned Human Race_, and Geismar's _Mark Twain on the Three R's_ -- and undoubtedly other anthologies; those were the three I had handy to check when I first read Andrews's article. The change made in that essay is only surprising because it had already been published. Paine also rewote "The War Prayer" for no apparent reason. I came across some other significant deletions while working on Twain's Philippines writings. The most illuminating was a deletion from a Jan. 24, 1901, letter to Twichell that Paine included in the 1917 edition of _Mark Twain's Letters_. In Paine's edition, Twain says he is hoping to stay close to his desk "hoping to write a small book." Period. The original letter, at Yale, continues: "full of playful and good-natured contempt for the lousy McKinley." Since Paine was editing a collection of an author's letters, you would think he would be aware of people's interest in knowing what Twain was planning to write about. I think a full-length study of Paine's editions of Twain would be very interesting if placed within the context in which Paine was working, with Clara's influence and the influence of changed political contexts (Andrews suggests that Paine deleted the section on the army uniform from the 1923 edition because of concern for its reception after World War I). This was also an era of blacklisting of "socialists/communists/pacifists", the Palmer Raids, "100% Americanism", etc. > Are there any personal journals or diaries of Paine that might yet > be published that would clarify some of the things about himself > that Paine apparently never revealed to Clemens? Roger B. Salomon, _Twain and the Image of History_ (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961), quotes some entries from Paine's journals. I don't have this at hand so can't look up his source for the journals but I assume he cites one. Jim Zwick