================= HES POSTING ======================== I should add as a postscript to my earlier post on the roots and legacy of formalism, that a fuller version of Michael Friedman's account of Kant and his formalist legacy is provided in Friedman's highly regarded book _Kant and the Exact Sciences_ Cambridge: Harvard U. Press, 1992. I might also recommend in the general area also J. Alberto Coffa's _The Semantic Tradition from Kant to Carnap_, as well as Morris Kline's well known _Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty_. For those interested in the what is perhaps the most important episode in the revolt against the formalist program -- beginning in Plato and stretching to Frege -- I couldn't recommend more highly Erich Reck's seminal article "Frege's Influence on Wittgenstein: Reversing Metaphysics via the Context Principle", in _Early Analytic Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Leonard Linsky_ La Salle: Open Court, 1996. Books by Shanker, Monk, and Hacker (just out) on Wittgenstein's up-ending of the formalist project in logic, language, and mathematics, are also highly recommended. In the philosophy of science, I might recommend Walter Weimer, _Notes on the Methodology of Scientific Research_ and Frederick Suppe, _The Structure of Scientific Theories_. I'd welcome recommended additions from those with further thoughts on helpful books and articles on the history of the formalist project in logic, math, epistemology, and the social sciences. Greg Ransom Dept. of Philosophy UC-Riverside [log in to unmask] http://members.gnn.com/logosapien/ransom.htm ============ FOOTER TO HES POSTING ============ For information, send the message "info HES" to [log in to unmask]