====================== HES POSTING =================== It seems to me that the greatest difference here lies in those who use the "model" FORWARD -- to say, given this situation, given these parameters, given these goals, how shall we expect the outcome to look? And those who use the "model" BACKWARDS -- to say, given this outcome, we can ASSUME that ... this was what people preferred, this was what was most profitable, this was what was most efficient. Mary M. Schweitzer , Assoc. Prof., Dept. of History Villanova University (on medical leave since January 1995) Email: <[log in to unmask]> URL: http://www2.netcom.com/~schweit2/history.html ============ FOOTER TO HES POSTING ============ For information, send the message "info HES" to [log in to unmask]