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I can very well see what Bill Williams is doubting. "Utility" is a  
theoretical term, which refers to some invisible attribute. So the  
question is in what sense it can be observed. Does the term refer to  
some property of the behaviour of an actor in models only, or do  
ordinary people also perceive their utility? Does utility make up  
part of the ontic furniture of the economic world? The question is as  
philosopical as complex, an has not yet been fully researched. 
 
Menno Rol 
 
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