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The idea or theory of "animal spirits" runs throughout much modern philosophy in the
seventeenth and early eighteenth century, particularly when discussing issues in
physiology related to the passions. Notable contributions to this theory can be found in
the work of Descartes (Passions of the Soul) and Malebranch (The Search after Truth). Hume
also occasionally takes up the theory of animal spirits in the Treatise. How this all is
related to Keynes use of the term is an interesting question.
 
Edward J. Harpham 
 
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