Some more References, which take the general classical
liberal/libertarian view of the positive relationship between commerce,
liberty and peace:
TRADE, FREE TRADE AND WAR
Abel, Deryck (May 1941), "Economic Causes of the Second World War",
International Conciliation, No. 370
Angell, Sir Norman (1935), "Pacifism is Not Enough", Rappard, William et
al, Pacifism Is Not Enough: Lectures Delivered at the Geneva Institute
of International Relations, Geneva, 1934, Geneva Institute of
International Relations/George Allen & Unwin, London, 1935
Baudin, Louis, Free Trade and Peace, International Studies Conference,
International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, League of Nations,
Paris, 1939
Bosanquet, Helen, Free Trade and Peace in the Nineteenth Century, H.
Aschehoug, West Nygaard, Norway/The Nobel Institute, nd
Cassel, Gustav, From Protectionism Through Planned Economy to
Dictatorship, Richard Cobden Lecture for 1934, Cobden-Sanderson, London,
1932; reprinted in Mackenzie, Findley, ed., Planned Society: Yesterday,
Today, Tomorrow, ..., New York, 1937, pp. 775-98
Cromwell, James H. R. & Czerwonky, Hugo E., (1937), "The Monetary
Aspects of World Peace", Idem, In Defense of Capitalism, Charles
Scribner's Sons, New York
Jones, J. H., The Economics of War and Conquest: An Examination of Mr.
Norman Angell's Economic Doctrines, P. S. King, London, 1915
Barone, Stephen G. (July 1994), "Peace, Political Science and Pedagogy",
The Freeman (Foundation for Economic Education), 44(7), pp. 379-380
Bonn, Moritz J. (1932), "Migration", Porritt, Arthur, ed., The Causes of
War: Economic, Industrial, Racial, Religious, Scientific and Political,
Macmillan, London, pp. 212-224
Wealth, Welfare or War: The Changing Role of Economics in National
Policy, Interna-tional Studies Conference, International Institute of
Intellectual Co-operation, League of Nations, Paris, 1938?
Cromer, Rt. Hon. Earl of, (September 1910), "Free Trade In its Relation
to Peace and War", The Nineteenth Century (London)
Greaves, Bettina Bien (April 1994), "Why War?", The Freeman (Foundation
for Economic Education), 44(4), pp. 159-163
Heilperin, Michael A. (1952), "An Economist's Views on International
Organisation", in Bryson, Lyman et al., eds., Foundations of World
Organisation: A Political and Cultural Appraisal, 11th Symposium [of the
Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion in their Relation to the
Democratic Way of Life, 1950]/Harper & Brothers, New York, pp. 53-59
Higgs, Robert (December 1994), "Peace on Earth", The Free Market (Ludwig
Von Mises Institute), 12(12), pp. 5-7
Husbands Jr., Sam H. (April 1983), "Free Trade and Foreign Wars", The
Freeman (Foundation for Economic Education), 33(4), pp. 195-204
Mises, Ludwig von (1938), "The Disintegration of the International
Division of Labour", in Professors of the Graduate Institute of
International Studies, The World Crisis, Graduate Institute of
International Studies, London
Opitz, Edmund A., ed., Leviathan at War, Foundation for Economic
Education, Irvington on Hudson, New York, 1995
Rand, Ayn (19??), "The Roots of War", The Freeman (Foundation for
Economic Education); reprinted in Idem, et al, Capitalism: The Unknown
Ideal, New American Library, New York, 1966; 2nd. edn., 1967; also
reprinted in Opitz, Edmund A., ed., Leviathan at War, Foundation for
Economic Education, Irvington on Hudson, New York, 1995
Rappard, William Emanuel (1937), "Economic Nationalism", in Anon, ed.,
Authority and the Individual, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
Mass., pp. 74-112
Robbins, Lionel, Economic Planning and International Order, Macmillan,
London, 1937
The Economic Causes of War, Cape, London, 1939
Money, Trade and International Relations, Macmillan, London, 1971
Siegfried, Andre (1932), "Tariffs", Porritt, Arthur, ed., The Causes of
War: Economic, Industrial, Racial, Religious, Scientific and Political,
Macmillan, London, pp. 203-211
Silberner, Edmund, The Problem of War in Nineteenth Century Economic
Thought, Prin-ceton University Press, New Jersey, 1957/Garland Library
of War & Peace, Garland Publishing, New York, 1972
Taylor, Joan Kennedy, ed., Free Trade: The Necessary Foundation for
World Peace, Foundation for Economic Education, Irvington on Hudson, New
York, 1986
Viner, Jacob (March 1944), "International Relations Between State-
Controlled National Economies", American Economic Review, Supplement,
XXXIV(1), Part 2, pp. 315-329; reprinted in Gayer, Arthur D. et al,
eds., Basic Economics: A Book of Readings, Prentice- Hall, New York,
1951, pp. 543-553
(1944), "The Economic Problem", Huszar, George B., ed., New Perspectives
on Peace, Chicago University Press, pp. 85-114
ON SOCIALISM AND WAR
McClymay, John F., War and Welfare: Social Engineering in America,
1890-1925, Contri-butions in American History No, 84, Greenwood Press,
Westport, Connecticut, 1980
Rummel, R. J., (July 1988), "The Freedom Factor", Reason (Los Angeles)
(Los Angeles), 15(3), pp. 32-36
Sennholz, Hans F. (April 1981), "Welfare States at War", The Freeman
(Foundation for Economic Education), 31(4), pp. 217-222
Viner, Jacob (March 1944), "International Relations Between State-
Controlled Economies", American Economic Review, Supplement, XXXIV(1,
Part 2), pp. 315-329; reprinted in American Economic Association,
Readings in the Theory of International Trade, George Allen & Unwin,
London, 1950, pp. 437-456; also reprinted in Gayer, Arthur D. et al,
eds., Basic Econo-mics: A Book of Readings, Prentice-Hall, New York,
1951, pp. 543-584
WAR VS LIBERTY
Denson, John V., ed., The Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories,
Transaction Publish-ers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1997; 2nd edn, 1999
Hirst, Francis W., The Political Economy of War, J. M. Dent, London/E.
P. Dutton, New York, MCMXV
Nef, John U., War and Human Progress, Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, Mass., 1950/W. W. Norton, New York, 1963; 2nd edn as Western
Civilization Since the Renais-sance: Peace, War, Industry and the Arts,
The Academy Library, Harper Torchbooks, Harper & Row, New York, 1963
Novicow, Jacques, Les Luttes Contra Societes Humaines, F. Alcan, Paris,
1893
La Politique Internationale, .., Paris, 1896
War and Its Alleged Benefits, William Heinemann, London, 1912
Novicow was a French classical liberal and disciple of Herbert Spencer.
Riddle, Wesley Allen (February 1996), "War and Liberty in American
History", The Freeman (Foundation for Economic Education), 46(2), pp.
102-108
Spencer, Herbert, ... various works (which I don't have to hand at the
moment)
Tillett, Alfred W., Militancy vs Civilization: An Introduction to, and
Epitome of, the Teach-ing of Herbert Spencer Concerning Permanent Peace
as the First Condition of Progress, P. S. King, London, 1915?
THE WORKS OF SIR NORMAN ANGELL
... often misrepresented, and a trifle repetitive, should definitely
also be consulted
Angell, Sir Norman (1912), "Introduction" to J. Novikow, War and Its
Alleged Benefits, William Heinemann, London,
(1913), "War as the Failure of Reason", Robertson, J. M. et al, Essays
Towards Peace, Rationalist Peace Society/Watts, London, pp. 67-74
(January 1931), "The New Imperialism and the Old Nationalism",
International Affairs, X(1)
(1935), "Causes of War", Stenning, H. J., ed., The Causes of War, George
Allen & Unwin, London, pp. 23-33
(1937), "The International Anarchy", Woolf, Leonard, ed., The
Intelligent Man's Way to Prevent War, Victor Gollancz, London, pp. 19-66
(1937), "Education and Psychological Factors", Ibid., pp. 456-498
(1938), "Foreword", "Two English Investigators", Education in Nazi
Germany, Kulturk-ampf Association, London,
(1939), "Introduction" to "Vigilantes" [Zilliacus, K.], Between Two
Wars? The Lessons of the Last World War in Relation to the Preparations
for the Next, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 19??
(1940), "Foreword", Mackay, R. W. G., Federal Europe, Being the Case for
European Federation Together With a Draft Constitution of a United
States of Europe , Michael Joseph, London, pp. 15-21/& as Peace Aims and
the New Order, Being a Revised & Popular Edition of 'Federal Europe'
Outlining the Case for European Federation Together With a Draft
Constitution of a United States of Europe, Michael Joseph, London, 1941,
pp. 15-21
(1947), "Leftism in the Atomic Age", Brown, Ivor, ed., Current British
Thought, No. 1, Nicholas Keye, London, pp. 238-242
Patriotism and Three Flags: A Plea for Rationalism in Politics, ...
London, 1903
Europe's Optical Illusion, ... London, 1908
The Great Illusion: The Relation of Military Power to National
Advantage, William Heinemann, London, 1909/Putnam, New York, 1911
America and the New World State, .., New York, 1912
Peace Theories and the Balkan War, Horace Marshall, London, 1912
War and the Workers, .. London, 1913
Modern Wars and the Peace Ideal, Brother Richard's Bookshelf No. 3,
National Labour Press, Manchester, 1913
War and the Essential Realities, Conway Memorial Lecture, Watts, London,
1913
Shall This War End German Militarism?, Pamphlet 2, The Union of
Democratic Control, London, 1914
The Foundations of International Polity, William Heinemann, London, 1914
Prussianism and Its Destruction, William Heinemann, London, 1914
Problems of the War and the Peace: A Handbook for Students, ... London,
1915
The Prussian In Our Midst, Pamphlet 13, The Union of Democratic Control,
London, 1915
The World's Highway, ... New York, 1916
The Dangers's of Half Preparedness, .. New York, 1916
War Aims: The Need for a Parliament of the Allies, .. London, 1917
The Political Conditions of Allied Success: A Protective Union of the
Democracies, ... New York, 1918
The Treaties and the Economic Chaos, ... London, 1919
The British Revolution and the American Democracy: An Interpretation of
British Labour Programmes, B. W. Huebsch, New York, 1919
The Fruits of Victory, Century, New York, London, 1921
The Press and the Organization of Society, .. London, 1922
Of Britain Is to Live, Nisbet, London, 1923
Foreign Policy and Human Nature, ..., London, 1925
Human Nature and the Peace Problem, William Collins, London, 1925
Must Britain Travel the Moscow Road?, .., London, 1926
The Public Mind: Its Disorders, Its Exploitation, Williams & Norgate,
London, 1927/E. P. Dutton, New York, 1927
The Money Game, and How to Play It, A New Instrument of Economic
Education, J. M. Dent, London, 1912, 1928
The Story of Money, ..., London, 1929
(with Wright, Harold), Can Governments Cure Unemployment?, ..., London,
1931
>From Chaos to Control, Century, New York, 1932
The Unseen Assassins, Hamish Hamilton, London/Harper, New York, 1932
The Great Illusion - 1933, .., London, 1933
The Menace to Our National Defence, .., London, 1934
Raw Materials, Population Pressure and War, World Peace Foundation,
Boston, 1936
This Have and Have Not Business: Political Fantasy and Economic Fact,
Hamish Hamilton, London, 1936
Let the People Know, Viking Press, New York, 1943
After All, Farrar, Straus & Young, New York, 1951
et al, What Kind of Peace?, National Peace Council, London, 1940
& Buxton, Dorothy Frances, You and the Refugee: The Morals and the
Economics of the Problem, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex,
London, 1939
The Work of Norman Angell by His Contemporaries: A Random Collection of
Reviews, Criticisms, Comments, Discussions, Letters From Readers,
Caricatures, Sketches, Issued Privately for Personal Friends; and Some
Students, The Author, nd
et al, The Next Five Years: An Essay in Political Advocacy, Macmillan,
London, pp. 151- 176. A typical manifestation of the neo-liberal embrace
of "planning" (see especially "Economic Planning", pp. 11-22 and
"Towards a Plan for Britain", pp. 23-39) in the alleged service of
liberty and democracy. This quasi-manifesto was endorsed by, amongst
others, Norman Angell, Mrs. H. A. L. Fisher, Richard Acland, Raymond
Unwin, H. G. Wells, J. A. Hobson, Gilbert Murray, Lionel Curtis, A. L.
Hobhouse, C. S. Orwin, Henry Nevinson, Harold Macmillan, R. C.
Trevelyan, and Viscountess Rhonda.
The Norman Angel Colection is at Bracken Library, Ball State University,
Muncie, Indiana.
Bisceglia, Luuis, Norman Angell and Liberal Internationalism in Britain,
1931-1935, Garland Publishinh, New York, 1982
Coulton, G. C., The Main Illusions of Pacifism: A Criticism of Mr.
Norman Angell and the Union of Democratic Control, Bowes & Owens,
Cambridge, 1916
Hines, Paul D., Norman Angell: Peace Movement, 1911-1018, D.Ed
Dissertation, Bell State, 1964
Jones, J. H., The Economics of War and Conquest: An Examination of Mr.
Norman Angell's Economic Doctrines, P. S. King, London, 1915
Lawson, W. R. (1912), "Mr. Norman Angel's Great Illusion Disillusioned",
Idem, Modern War and Modern Taxation: A Manual of Military Finance,
William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, pp. 426-441
Marrin, Albert, Sir Norman Angell, Twayne/G. K. Hall, Boston, 1979
Miller, J. D. B. (1995), "Norman Angell and Rationality in International
Relations", Long, David & Wilson, Peter, eds., Thinkers of the Twenty
Years Crisis: Iter-War Idealism and Realities, Clarendon Press, Oxford,
pp. 100-121
Norman Angell and the Futility of War: Peace and the Public Mind,
Macmillan, London, 1986
Rockow, Lewis (1925), "Internationalism: Norman Angell, Idem,
Contemporary Political Thought in England, Macmillan, New York, pp.
230--247
Weinroth, Howard (1974), "Norman Angell and 'the Great Illusion': An
Episode in Pre-1914 Pacifism", The Historical Journal, XVII(3), pp.
551-574
Chris R. Tame
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