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I'd agree with _The Worldly Philosophers_ for a general audience; but for a
more intense look at H.E.T., no other single books come to mind. Although it
was scanned in to the computer and is not yet completely formatted (I hope
it's edited for spelling); I am including a copy of the syllabus from H.
H. Liebhafsky's graduate level _Methodology_ (primarily H.E.T.) course
from the University of Texas in the late 1970's. It provides numerous
sources which can be consulted for even more extensive bibliographic
sources.
Bill Moore, Economics Department
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
ECONOMICS 387L.12 METHODOLOGY:
Epistemological and Ethical Preconceptions in Economic Analysis and Inquiry
Course Outline
The course grade will be based upon a mid-term and a final examination with the latter
receiving three times the weight of the former. This is a discussion class in which short
ten to
fifteen minute oral reports will be given each day by one or more students on specific
topics
assigned from the course outline. Assignments will be rotated among the students, but
anyone
having a special interest in one or another of the topics may volunteer to report on same.
To
the extent that it is possible to do so, individual preferences will be taken into account
in
making assignments. An attempt will be made to make the assignments verbally a week or
more in advance of the date the oral report is due. Occasionally, some topics will be the
subject of lectures. All students are to read also those references assigned to other
students for
the oral class report. Since no textbook is required .for this course, some of you may
find it
worthwhile to make your own photocopies (but not at departmental expense) of some of the
references cited; most of these references, it is to be noted, are limited to a few
specific pages
from a book or a journal article. The books are on 2 hour reserve in lst floor reading
room of
Academic Center.
This course outline consists of 14 items. Three class periods are to be devoted to each
separate arabic numbered topic. In any case in which two arabic numbers are assigned to
the
same topic, six class periods have been set aside for such topics. However, this schedule
is
flexible: if we find that we wish to devote more or less time to a particular topic than
is
indicated here below, we will do so.
There is no required text. A recommended book is, Clarence
E. Ayres, Toward A Reasonable Society, U.T. Press, 1961. It
is required that all members of the class have read this book by
the time of the final examination, and students are subject to an examination question
based
on the book whether or not it is discussed in class.
1. Epistemological conceptions of Socrates and Plato
Socrates and the definition of knowledge. The Dialogues of Plato, v. 3,
"Theaetetus," esp. #146-219 and marginal notes.
Plato's theory of "Forms." The Dialoques of Plato, v. 3,
"Phaedo," es. #65-80; v. 2, "Republic," Book vi, esp.
#509-11 and Book vii; v. 3, "Timaeus," esp. #28-52 and #715-39
2. Aristotle and the Scholastics
Aristotle's rejection of the theory of 'Forms." The Works of
Aristotle Translated into English, (Ross Edition) v. 8, "Metaphysics"
Books 1, 2, 7.
Aristotle's theory of scientific knowledge. The Works_
v. 1, "Posterior Analytics," Book 1, and Book 2, #19.
Thomas Aquinas and the incorporation of Aristotle's ideas into
Theology. The Basic Writings of St. Thomas Aquinas, v. 1,
Questions XV and XVI.
3. The-Continental Rationalists
Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method, 19-23; 34-43.
Baruch Spinoza, Ethics, Book II.
Gottfried Leibnitz, The Monadology and Other Philosophical
Writings, 235-240;- 337-340; (Fins. Robert Latta), 1975 ed.
4. The British Empiricists
Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning and Novum Organum,
"Novum Organum," Book I.
John Locke, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding," Books
II and IV.
David Hume, "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding,"
Sections I-XII, esp. IV.
Piero Mini, Philosophy and Economics, pp. 10-13, Chapter 2
George Berkeley, "Concerning Human Knowledge" in E.A. Burtt,
The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill, PP. 510 ff-
5. Bentham, Kant, Hegel, Marx
Jeremy Bentham, The Works of Jeremy Bentham, v., "An Introduc-
tion to the Principles of Morals and Legislation," Chapter
1 and Chapter 2, Sections I - VII.
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, Kant's Introduction
and Book II, Chapter 2, Section I.
G. W. Hegel, Philosophy of History, Introduction, pp. 8-26.
Karl Marx ' Capital, Author's Prefaces to lst and esp. 2d.
editions.
Bertell Ollman, Alienation, Chapters 2, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16 & 30.
Piero Mini, Philosophy and Economics, Chapter 3.
6. Logical Positivism
Rudolf Carnap, "Formal'and Factual Science, " in Broderick and Feigl, eds.,
Readings in the Philosophy of Science.
Richard von Mises, Positivism, Chapter 10.
A.J. Ayers, Language, Truth, and Logic, Chapter VI.
John G. Kemeny, A Philosophy of Science, Chapters 2 and 14.
Morris Cohen and Ernest Nagel, Introduction to Logic and
Scientific Method, Chapter XX.
Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy, 834-46.
Bertrand Russell, Philosophy ond Politics, 20-25.
Bertrand Russell, Human Society in Ethics and Politics, p. vi;
30; 94-100.
7.&8. Logical Positivism and the Social Sciences, esp. in Economics
J.A. Passmore, "Can the Social Sciences Be Value Free?" in
Feigl and Broderick, Readings in the Philosophy of Science.
Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and the State, pp. 115 ff.
[Hans Kelsen,
H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law, pp. 92ff
Ronald Meek, "Value-Judgments in Economics," British Journal
for thePhilosophy of Science, Vol. XV, August 1964, pp. 89-96.
Jules Margolis, "Shadow Prices for Incorrect or Non-Existent
Market Values," in The Analysis and Evaluation of Public
Expenditures; The PPB System (A Compendium of Papers
Submitted to the Joint Subcommittee on Economy in Govern-
ment, 91st Cong., lst sess.., 1949) esp. pp. 537-538 in vol. 3
Max Weber, Methodology of the Social Sciences, pp. 37-38.
Fritz Machlup, "Positive and Normative Economics" in Heilbroner,
Ed., Economic Means and Social Ends, Ch. 6, pp. 90 ff.
9. Contemporary Natural Law Philosophy
Jacques Maritain, The Range of Reason, Chapters 1, 3, & 12.
9&10. Mystical and Secular Natural Law Philosophy and the Social
Sciences, esp. in Economics.
United States v. LaJeune Eugenie, 2 Mason 409; 26 Federal Cases 846.
T. E. Cliffe Lesley, "The Political Economy of Adam Smith,
The Fortnightly Review, New Series, November 1, 1870, 1
pp. 549-563, esp 549-553.
F.A. von Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order, 11-88.
Georgescu-Toegen, Mechanistic Dogma and Economics, in
Methodology of Science, Special Issue vol. 6-7 #3,
pp. 123-136, (197
Peter B. Webb, "Toward a Radical Political Economics," The
American Economist, Vol. XV, No 1, Spring 1971, pp. 108-11
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, 1-40; 60-65, 235-240, 753-756.
Anne Martin, "Empirical and A Priori in Economics," British Journal for the Philosophy
of Science, Vol. XV, No. 58, August 1964, pp. 123-136.
Lionel Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Significance of
Economic Science, Chapters IV and V.
T. W. Hutchinson, The Significance and Basic Postulates of
Economic Theory, Chapters 1, 2, & 6.
Bertell Ollman, Alienation, Chapters 5, 14, 15, & 30
James H. Weaver, "Toward A Radical Political Economics,"
The American Economist, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Spring 1970, pp.
..57-61.
James H. Weaver, "Economic Growth, Inequality, Hierarchy
Alienation; Impact of Socialization Processes in Capitalist
Society," The American Economist, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, Fall
1973, pp. 9-16.
11. Natural Law Philosophy and Elements of Logical Positivism
Intermingled: The Chicago School of Economists
Henry C. Simons, Economic Policy for a Free Society, pp. v-vi; 1-58.
Lawrence'Miller., Jr., "on the chicago School of Economics, Journal of Political Economy,
Vol.
LXX, February 1962, pp. 47-74 including comments of others).
Frank Knight, On the History and Method of Economics, 25-33 Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit,
Chapter 1.
George Stigler, "The Economist and the State," American Eco Review, March 1965, 1-18.
Milton Friedman, Essays iii Positive Economics, Chapter l.
Comments by Samuelson and others on "Problems of Methodology, Papers and Proceedings of
the
American Economic Association Vol. LIII (May, 1963),
pp. 204-236.
Fritz Machlup, "Professor Samuelson on Theory and Realism
American Economic Review, Vol. LIV (Sept, 1964), 733-735.
Paul Samuelson, "Theory and Realism: A Reply,to American
Economic Review, Vol. LIV (Sept. 1964), pp. 736- 39.
Further debate, American Economic Review, vol. LV (December 1965), 1151 ff.
Gary Becker, Essays in the Economics of Crime and Punishment,
Chapter 1, esp. pp. 1-5 & pp. 43-45.
Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, Chapters 1 & 23.
Liebhafsky, "Price Theory and Jurisprudence," Journal of Economics Issues, December, 1975.
12. Instrumentalism
C. S. Peirce, "How to Make our Ideas Clear" in Hartshorne and Weiss, Collected Papers of
Charles Sanders Peirce, Vols V & VI, 248-271.
Ibid., The Reality of Thirdness," pp. 64-69.
Ibid. , "Ethical and Esthetical Goodness," pp. 82-86.
William James, Collected Essays and Reviews, Chapter XXVIII
"Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results."
William James, Pragmitism, pp. 50-71, esp. 51-55; 57-61; 65-68
John Dewey on Pure and Applied Science and on Social Science
and Social Control in Joseph Ratner, ed., John Dewey's
Philosophy, pp. 925-954, esp. 945 ff.
John Dewey or rationalization of political democracy, Ibid., pp. 400-404.
John Dewey on Experimentalism and Values, Ibid., pp. 775-793,
esp. 783 ff.
John Dewey on History of Philosophy, Ibid., pp. 348-352
John Dewey on Induction and Deduction, 913-925.
Joseph Ratner, ed. Introduction in Ibid.,' pp. 3-8; 18-
39-40; 46-50; 56-58; 69-78; 235-241 together with 143.
Max Kaufmann, Methodology of the Social Sciences, Chap. IX & XV.
F.S.C. Northrup, Logic of the Sciences and the Humanities,
Chapters I & II.
Herbert Feigl, "The Scientific Outlook: Naturalism and Humanisism,"
In Brodbeck and Feigl, Readings in the Philosophy of
Science, pp. 8-18.
Richard Bernstein, Praxis and Action, Epilogue.
13&14. Instrumentalism and the Social Sciences, esp. in Economics
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., "The Path of the Law," 10 Harvard
Law Review 61, March 25, 1897, esp. 464-469.
John R. Commons, Institutional Economics, Chapter 4, esp.
Section III.
Dorfman, Ayres, Chamberlin, et. al., Institutional Economics, esp.
Chapter 4 on Wesley C. Mitchell.
Clarence Ayres, Toward a Reasonable Society, esp. Chapters 2,
3 & 10.
Wendell Gordon, Economics from an Institutional Viewpoint,
Chapters 2 & 3.
Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma , 1041-1064.
H. H. Liebhafsky, "The Problem of Social Cost"--An Alternative Approach,
Part II, Natural Resources Journal, October 1973, pps. 618-633.
J.K. Galbraith, Economics and the Public Purpose, 1-37 223-232; 322-324.
Richard Bernstein, Praxis and Action, Epilogue.
Miscellaneous:
Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions purports
to be a history of science and is well-known. (PARADIGMS}
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