This message is sent on behalf of the International Organizing
Committee of the Second Latin American Economic History Congress
(http://www.economia.unam.mx/cladhe).

Manuel A. Bautista González




Second Latin American Economic History Congress
Mexico City, February 3-5, 2010

The Second Latin American Economic History Congress (CLADHE-II) will
take place in Mexico City from February 3 to 5, 2010. The economic
history associations of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and
Uruguay will be the organizers of the Congress. The Spanish and
Portuguese economic history associations will participate as invited
organizers. The Congress venue will be the National Autonomous
University of Mexico Cultural Centre at Tlatelolco.

The Congress will be the ideal academic forum to debate on-going
economic history research from Latin America and the Iberian
Peninsula, as well as to discuss global and comparative perspectives
with other regions.

The Congress is a collective effort that will definitely shape the
future research agenda of the region’s economic history. The Congress
will coincide with the Fourth International Congress of the Mexican
Economic History Association (AMHE-IV). Registration and payment fees
will allow participation in the full program of both Congresses.

Complete information on the Congress characteristics, calendar, fees
and methods of payment, as well as on Mexico, the venue and travel
arrangements, is available at  http://www.economia.unam.mx/cladhe (in
Spanish). If you have questions or you want to request specific
information in English, please write to [log in to unmask]

Sessions

The International Organizing Committee of the Second Latin American
Economic History Congress has preapproved the following session
proposals. For their final inclusion in the Congress program, sessions
will have to comply with the requirements established in the call for
session proposals (available at
http://www.economia.unam.mx/cladhe/simposios_conv.php) about the
minimum number of participants, the sessions characteristics and the
responsibilities of the chairs.

The electronic system to submit papers will open on Wednesday,
September the 23rd, 2009, at
http://www.economia.unam.mx/cladhe/registro/index.php. A call for
papers is available at
http://www.economia.unam.mx/cladhe/ponencias_conv.php (in Spanish).

1. Spurious Business Activities and Corruption in Latin America and
the Iberian Peninsula
CHAIRS: Carlos Tello Macías (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Mexico), Guillermo Luis Vitelli (Universidad de Buenos Aires y
Universidad Nacional de Lanus, Argentina).
There have been different forms of corruption in the history of Latin
American nations and the Iberian peninsula. However, with few
exceptions, corruption has always been present. An aspect of
corruption, if not the basic and most relevant, is the fact that it
has originated spurious (and legitimate) business activities, born
from both politics and government structures. The session would
include both aspects of corruption: the integration of business
activities, corruption and politics, as well as politics and the
developing of corrupt plots in and from government structures. Both
aspects can be analyzed through time and/or by comparing different
situations and nations. Possible topics include, among others: a)
History of corruption in the history of Latin American nations, from
the colonial times to the present. b) corruption plots intertwining
two or more countries from and beyond the region. c) Spurious business
activities and corruption derived from economic policy actions. d)
Business and corruption as seen from the logic of different schools of
economic thought. e) Drug trafficking and the broadening of corruption
in government spheres, f) Corruption related to contracts with
multinational firms and their links to public officials g) Corruption
in electoral processes and anticipation of ochlocratic behaviour.

2. The Import Substitution Industrialization and Economic Openness in
Latin America. Sectorial Studies and Networks
CHAIRS: Guillermo Guajardo Soto (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México, Mexico), Marcelo Norberto Rougier Viollaz, (Universidad de
Buenos Aires, Argentina), Jose Lannes (Universidade Federal de Santa
Maria, Brazil).
Industrial history as a field of study has a long history in Latin
America. The investigations have covered a range of important issues
such as the analysis of public policy instruments to stimulate
sectoral development, ways of measuring the quantitative and
qualitative progress in the industry, the study of transposition,
adaptation and development of technology, the history of industrial
enterprises, and analysis of the social actors directly involved with
industrial dynamics. Yet it is obvious lack of interest in industrial
problems from the mid-seventies and until almost the turn of the
century. This resulted in part from the structural crisis of paradigms
and question its explanatory value, and partly of the same process of
deindustrialization that was manifested in most Latin American
countries, in addition to installing a strong pessimistic view respect
to that process. In the last decade a number of historical research
has successfully reintegrate the discussion of the characteristics
that the manufacturing sector came mainly during the period known as
import-substitution industrialization (ISI). However, history has not
yet been able to uncover why the ISI as the engine was on dynamic
growth despite the less innovation and develop mainly within protected
markets, a situation that contrasts with the subsequent phase,
characterized by openness, flexibility and greater access to
innovations, which, however, has not generated a significant
industrial development. This session addresses the processes of
import-substitution industrialization in Latin America and the
structural changes in the industry after the economic opening, from a
fresh perspective. Specifically, the objective is, on the one hand,
progress in the analysis of specific sectors and activities in
networks developed for the purpose of study the advances and
limitations of that process. On the other, verifying the different
trajectories of the industry due to various macroeconomic conditions
after opening. In particular, the analysis of this issue is framed in
some cross-axes refer to aspects of the market, work processes and the
incorporation of technology, income redistribution and the behavior of
aggregate consumption, the industrial policies and the new contours of
the geography of industrial concentration. The ultimate goal of the
Bureau is to promote contact between researchers from various
universities and schools in Latin America that are devoted to the
subject, sharing the results of their work and stimulate debate and
critical discussion on the issues central to economic development in
the region.

3. 	Social Networks and their Relationship with Economic Activity
CHAIRS: Omar Jiménez Rosano (Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona,
Mexico), Carmen Sarasúa García (Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona,
Spain).
We want to explore the networks methodology and its applications in
economic history in this Second Latin American Congress of Economic
History: firms, government, labour and financial markets, started as a
network family or network of friends. In that sense we want to analyze
the market as an outcome of all those networks.

4. War and Fiscal Systems in Colonial America (XVIth-XIXth centuries)
CHAIRS: Angelo Alves Carrara (Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,
Brazil), Ernest Sánchez Santiró (Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José
María Luis Mora, Mexico).
The fiscal systems of the empires in America during colonial times
were under the influence of a lot of factors, such as adaptation to
social and economic conditions of the vast American territory, the
establishment of power groups in the very colonial space, or the
vicissitudes of the international politics of each metropolis, one of
the most notorious embodiment of which was war. This symposium aims at
gathering a group of historians with an extended time and space
spectrum in order to study and analyze the impact of the financial and
safety needs of the metropolis and colonies on the fiscal systems of
the American territories. In other words, to refine the assumption:
"war as one of the motors of fiscal change".

5. Means and Ways of Transportation in the Formation of Regional and
National Economic Systems in the 19th and 20th centuries
CHAIRS: Alcides Goularti Filho (Universidade do Extremo Sul
Catarinense, Brazil), Paulo Roberto Queiroz Cimó (Universidade Federal
da Grande Dourados, Brazil), Elena Salerno (Universidad Nacional de
Tres de Febrero, Argentina).
The processes of formation and extension of the circuits internal
market, which passed with different intensities and scales (local,
regional and national) as the season or region, in many cases led to
the establishment of integrated national or regional markets, which
were an important foundation for movements of agricultural expansion,
craft, industrial and commercial based on endogenous accumulation of
capital, after the formation of independent nation states in Latin
America. In this context is to consider the development of transport
and transport routes and infrastructure essential for the formation of
the space market (which form the national markets, regional, local)
and based on physical processes of commodification of the production
and its territorial extension of the circuits of capital accumulation
of local or external. Research and comparison of different regional
and national cases is justified by the opportunity to explore the
different circumstances of countries and regions, as to time,
geography and types of transport (land, river, coastal, rail and
road), trying however identified elements common in the relationship
between transport systems and economic and political dynamics that are
established not only nationally but also in towns and regions,
possibly including a growing economic link between the latter. General
Objective: Gather studies on regional economic formations, systems of
national economy and the processes of development of means of
transport and transport routes (including in its relations with
national patterns of accumulation), in order to carry out comparative
discussions on the formation and evolution of regional economies and
on the role of systems and business of transport in such economies.
Specific Objectives: a) discuss the role of transport routes and the
means of transport in the training and integration of regional and
national markets; b) discuss the relationship between regional and
national patterns of accumulation and development of transport systems
towards the regional markets, national and foreign; c) discuss the
regional economic specialization and diversification products with
reference to the general movement of national economies; d) discuss
the history and procedures of public enterprises and private transport
as constituent parts of the formation of regional systems and national
economy.

6. 	The Origins and Trends of Latin American Inequality
CHAIRS: 	Luis Bértola Flores (Universidad de la República, Uruguay),
Linda Twrdek (Universität Tübingen, Germany).
The question of how inequality is generated and how it develops over
time has been a major concern for social scientists for a long time
now. Although often talked about, little is known so far about the
historical roots of Latin American inequality. Some have argued that
the open economy forces of trade and mass migration played a pivotal
role, whilst others found a persisting link with colonial regimes,
factor endowments, and land distribution to existing and even growing
inequality. The impact of globalization forces has been addressed
several times, from which we learned that inequality rose in
resource-rich, labor-scarce countries, and fell in resource-poor,
labor-abundant, agrarian countries. This session aims at analysing the
experience of Latin American countries in terms of inequality measures
starting in the 18th century. We therefore intend to not just look at
GDP or wage differences, but to take living standards, human capital,
and other social variables into consideration. Of most value, a
comparison with the rest of the world is aspired to better understand
the differences to OECD countries.

7. Markets and Traders in the Trade Circuits of the Spanish American
Space, 1780-1860
CHAIRS: 	Viviana Edith Conti (Universidad Nacional de Jujuy,
Argentina), Erick Langer Heidtmann (Georgetown University, United
States).
The symposium is planned to provide for rethinking and contributing to
knowledge about the economic actors who moved in the trade circuits of
the Spanish American space during the late colonial to early
republican periods. The proposal incorporates an analysis of the
diversity of alliances between the elites and other groups of the
various regions and the effects of the reorganization created by the
struggles for independence. We are interested in contributing to the
discussion of the practices and strategies of these economic agents
and the experiences of the different regions of Spanish America during
the crucial period of transition from the ancient regime to the
republican era

8. Recent Research in Colombian Economic History, 19th and 20th centuries
CHAIRS: Luis Bértola Flores (Universidad de la República, Uruguay),
Edwin López Rivera  (Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Colombia).
In recent years, Colombian economic history has advanced
significantly, from research supported in the quantitative analysis,
neo-institutionalism, the new comparative economic history and new
political economy. These methodological guidelines distinguish these
research papers from those published prior to the nineties of last
century. This has opened the space to study a greater number of issues
such as education, life quality, prices and wages, confiscation of
processes in the nineteenth century, slavery, among others, with a
rigorous quantitative support. The objective of this symposium is to
discuss these issues and approaches, based on papers done in the past
two years, making an assessment of the contributions of these
researches to the Colombian and Latin American economic history,
covering mainly the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

9. Transportation and Public Services in Latin America. State,
Enterprises and Entrepreneurs in the 19th and 20th centuries
CHAIRS: Teresita María Celina Gómez Milo (Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Argentina), Andrés Martín Regalsky (Universidad Nacional Tres de
Febrero y Universidad Nacional de Luján, Argentina), Guillermo
Guajardo Soto (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico).
The social and economic organisation of Latin American countries was
deeply influenced by the development of transportation and urban
public services. Their expansion during the late 19th century and the
beginning of the 20th, associated to the national consolidation and
the economic model based on the production of primaries commodities
for export, was a major concern for national and provincial
governments. Private investment (foreigners or domestic) had played an
important role in their growth and were usually fulfilled with
capitals provided by the government; he regulation of these actors and
their capitals was a matter of public policy with inconsistent
efficacy. In the course of the 20th century the government had
increased its intervention in the construction and exploitation of
these services until the nationalization was performed in the mid
century. After that new problems aroused particularly those associated
with the maintenance and management of the companies. The declination
and even the paralysis of the service were mainly associated with
other aspects of the underdeveloped economy. The papers in this
symposium will consider the issues previously referred from a
comparative perspective, taking into account different national and
regional experiences, in which the private sphere is interrelated with
the public one. The aim of this meeting is to continue with the
discussions and interchanges started in December 2007 in the city of
Montevideo in the frame of the First Latin American Congress of
Economic History.

10. The Service Sector in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula in
the 20th century
CHAIRS: Javier Vidal Olivares (Universidad de Alicante, Spain), Mario
Cerutti (Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico).
  The service sector became a source of modern economic growth after or
at the same time of the industrialization and urbanization processes.
However, historical research on the numerous activities in the
tertiary sector of Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula does not
seem to have developed in a notorious form. Thus the objective of this
session will be to be acquainted with, analyze and spread papers on
areas that lack a stable forum for Latin American, Spanish and
Portuguese researchers to debate activities such as consulting,
commerce, credit and financial intermediation, agriculture-related
services, transportation, insurance services, tourism, travel
agencies, hotels, restaurants, leisure time providers, culture and
entertainment. The chairs of the session believe that the Latin
American and Mexican Economic History Congresses, due in February
2010, will be an adequate venue to give an incentive to research in
this topic in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula.

11. Foreign Investment, Foreign Trade and Economic Growth
CHAIRS: Sandra Kuntz Ficker (El Colegio de México, Mexico), Albert
Carreras (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain).
The symposium will include a number of papers concerning with foreign
trade (statistical reconstruction, geographic distribution,
performance, etc.) and with its economic contribution within the 19th
and 20th centuries. It will embrace topics related to imports,
exports, trade policy, as well as any other that may be considered
relevant in order to analyze the multiple connections between external
trade and the performance of the national economies.

12. Tax Systems in Latin America: Between Progressivity and
Regression, Between Direct and Indirect Taxes (18th-20th centuries)
CHAIRS: Magdalena Bertino Sgarbi (Universidad de la República,
Uruguay), Daniel Santilli (Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina),
Luis Jáuregui (Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora,
Mexico).
Studies on the way the State generates its resources are each time
more numerous in world economic historiography. Latin America in not
an exception to this trend. These resources are obtained by applying a
number of taxes and contributions over the whole population. In the
decision on how these taxes are, a number of policies are deliberately
(or undeliberately) applied. These latter can harm ones and benefit
others, Then, the effects that these measures generate can be desired
or undesired. Moreover, it is a truth that the State has acted and
acts on purpose through public finances favoring ones against others.
The sense of those benefits and withdrawals is one of the subjects
that are addressed by the historical analysis of fiscal policies. From
that point of view, studies on how and on what the State spends have
grown in number, starting from the idea that the resource allocation
will indicate the political course of action. Moreover, as a healthy
up-to-date it is intended to be done now from multidisciplinary
approaches, coming not only from History itself, but from other social
and human sciences.

13. 	The Future of Agricultural Financing, Cooperatives and
Development Banks in Bicentennial America
CHAIRS:  Jesús Méndez Reyes (Universidad Autónoma de Baja California,
Mexico), Leandro Eduardo Moglia (Universidad Nacional del Nordeste,
Argentina), Cándido Román Cervantes (Universidad de La Laguna, Spain).
The economic history of Latin America has shown that some of the
regional economies were relegated to join the world market before and
during the independence process. Various activities that have enabled
the growth of homogeneous nation-states during the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries, began to lag behind, including agriculture,
finance and marketing. Notwithstanding this fact, the productions of
the countries of the continent remained through the direct action of
local governments, trade protectionism, the organized work of
ranchers, farmers, ranchers, tenants and associated private and
collective in nature. As an example, highlighting the cooperative
movement, farmers' unions, providing a fair and overall action of the
so-called social economy. In this context the members of the Symposium
we have been reflecting on the processes, actors, policies and
historical experiences from particular regions and areas.

14. Long Term Compared Perspectives on Latin American and Caribbean Economy
CHAIRS: César Yáñez Gallardo (Universidad de Barcelona, Spain), Albert
Carreras (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain), Sandra Kuntz Ficker (El
Colegio de México, Mexico), André Hofman  (CEPAL, Chile).
The quantitative comparative history is a pendent question in the
economic history of Latin America and Caribbean. It has been progress
since the OXLAD data base, but there is not critic about it and
another series available for the region. The explanation to the
relative backward of Latin America and the Caribbean to require
quantitative precision higher than the actual that we have. We think
that is necessary improve (or increase) the effort to complete the
number of countries, especially in the case of the more littlies and
less developed. Moreover, we need to cover longer periods to
understand the different stages of progress and stagnation. Hereby,
this session proposal to discuss the trajectories of Latin American
and Caribbean economies , increasing the vision in works with new
series on the long run and/or utilizes it to offer a comparative
vision between the countries of the region and this region with the
rest of the world.

15. Spanish Migration, Business Spirit and Economic Growth in Latin
America from the Independence to Our Days
CHAIRS: María Eugenia Romero Ibarra (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México, Mexico), Javier Moreno Lázaro (Universidad de Valladolid ,
Spain).
This session tries, to the thread of the celebration of the
bicentenary of the Independence of the countries of Latin America to
examine the continuity of the links with the former metropolis that
provided the birth of companies of great size in the bosom of the
community of Spanish emigrants.
We propose as elements of analysis: a) The intensity and determinants
of the migratory flows, b) The role of the bows of peasantry, of the
solidarity, of the cooperative institutions and of the diplomatic
support in the formation and growth of these companies, c) The
relations between the Spanish oligarchies in Latin American countries
and the public power; or Spaniards as group of pressure,  d) The role
of these companies in the diffusion, institutional and managerial of
the technical change of the Latin-American signatures(companies), e)
The diffusion of innovations originated in America across the
establishment of these firms in Spain, f) the analysis of the most
singular paths.
The session will include the personal testimony of big Mexican
businessmen of Spanish origin. Likewise, we aspire to rely on the
institutional help of the Foundation Carolina, the Embassy of Spain
and the Spanish Chamber of Trade and Industry. In fact, we propose to
realize this session in the assembly hall of the Spanish Casino in the
street Isabel the Catholic one of the Mexico City.

16. Exploring the Latin American Enterprise
CHAIRS: Gabriela Recio (Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico), Andrea
Lluch (Harvard University, United States).
In the last decades there has been an increasing amount of research
that has analyzed the development of businesses in Latin America. This
new scholarly production has shed light on the ways that companies and
entrepreneurs from the region have historically evolved through
different periods and how their economic, cultural, social and
political context has shaped them through the years. Although the new
field of Latin American Business History has grown, its output and
impact has been quite diverse in the different countries of the
region. The purpose of this session is to contribute to a greater
dialogue among scholars in this field and to prompt comparative
analysis. This session will seek to study businesses and
Latin-American entrepreneurs in three main periods of the
international economy ­ two characterized by its globalization
(1880-1914c. and 1980-2008c.) and another of closed borders and highly
protectionist and nationalist policies (1914-1970c). These historic
periods would enable to analyze and compare the impact that
globalization had in Latin American businesses. It will also allow us
to understand how the region´s businessmen and its companies adapted
to nationalistic policies that were a result of the Great Depression.

17. Banks in the Caribbean: From Colonial Times to the Present
CHAIRS: Pablo Martín Aceña (Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Spain),
Inés Roldán Montaud (Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales del Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ciencia e Investigación,
Spain).
This symposium on the formation and development of the banks in the
Caribbean from the colonial era to the present aims to create a space
for discussion on the financial history of the region. It aims to
bring together researchers with interest in development of banking in
various countries of the Caribbean, with the purpose of comparing the
various developments in the Antilles, according to their different
economic and political trajectory. Within the overall context of the
Caribbean, is purpose is to identify those specific traits, local and
national, in the process of formation of the banking systems of
individual countries in the region. This symposium covers research on
both the foreign commercial banks, such as the Royal Bank of Canada or
the National City Bank, who were two influential institutions in the
economic development of the region in the twentieth century, as well
as local institutions. In some cases, commercial banks were created
for the purpose of financing the export of agrarian products. Others
were created by the colonial governments with the privilege of issue
(Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique). Of particular interest is
the study of the various models adopted by the European metropolis in
their colonial dependencies and how credit and money supply was
organized, In short, the symposium aims to conduct a comparative
approach of the banking systems that developed in the Caribbean
region.

18. Families, Business and Firms in Latin America, 1850-1930, 1850-1930
CHAIRS: Maria Alice Ribeiro Rosa (Universidade Estadual Paulista
Campus Araraquara, Brazil), Lúcia Lamounier (Universidade de São
Paulo, Brazil).
The symposium’s main purpose is to discuss current research focusing
interrelations among “families, business and enterprises” in Latin
America, covering the period 1850-1930. The so-called region Oeste
Paulista in São Paulo, Brazil, illustrates some of the themes and
questions involved in the symposium´s general subject. The period
1850-1930 is characterized by three important institutional
benchmarks: the Slave Traffic Abolition; the Land Law, which
formalized the land market, defining the acquisition as the only means
to have access to land property; the Commercial Code, which defined
the rules to the organization of private enterprises. The Great
Depression, which led the coffee economy to its final crisis,
characterizes the end of the period. Since 1850, the Oeste Paulista
(nucleated by the cities of Campinas, Itu, Bragança Paulista, Mococa,
São Carlos and Ribeirão Preto) became the main coffee crop region in
Brazil. This leadership led to deep transformations in the social
organization of the economic life. The Paulista West coffee crop was
produced in extensive properties. The planters owned big properties,
both of land and slaves. This concentrated pattern of property defined
a new accumulation pattern, by means of investment diversification in
activities that paralleled the coffee crop itself. These activities
were related to coffee commercialization, including the “casas
comissárias”, and to coffee transport, including railway companies.
The big coffee crop owners also invested in banking activities.
Subsidiary small and medium family businesses, many of them
established by immigrants, were part of the Paulista West economic
tissue. The immigrants benefited from the opportunities created by the
growing urban economy and by the population growth. Their firms
supplied the internal market with all kinds of staples, such as
apparels, food, textile products, and also dominated the small
industries that produced equipment to process coffee, sugar cane,
cotton, grains. Besides, the immigrants soon dominated the
commercialization of food, clothing etc. Changing processes in land
property structure, in labour market features, in business
institutional environment as well as changes in the external
circumstances which affected the export economies during the period
shaped local elite´s strategies, diversifying investments over several
enterprises or products to guard against loss. The symposium can
provide an opportunity to examine the distinct strategies and
experiences taking place in Latin America, contrasts and similarities
in wealth composition and growth facing the distinct circumstances for
investments, as well as set an agenda of research. The session
proposed to the symposium will be based on the discussion of papers
dealing with the general subject involving the role of family groups
and the growth of business in Latin America, supported by ongoing
research, based on sources such as the post mortem inventories,
censuses, firm archives, mortgage registers, legislation, newspapers,
almanac, etc.

19. 	Labor Markets and Worlds in the 20th century
CHAIRS: María Magdalena Camou Soliño (Universidad de la República,
Uruguay), Rodolfo Porrini Beracochea (Universidad de la República,
Uruguay).
The aim of the session is to join up researchers from Latin America
engaged in analysing labor relations from a historical perspective.
The empirical approach does not exclude the interest of including
theoretical and methodological issues that will enrich the discussion.
We are especially interested on approaches with a long-term
perspective. We seek to assemble papers that include comparisons or
allow them to work on themes or issues detailed below. Under those
themes we highlight: the processes of constitution, evolution and
transformation of urban, rural and / or regional labor markets, taking
into account the economic, political and cultural factors affecting
them. Other topics of interest are the evolution of wages and living
conditions of workers, evolution of the work organization,
technological innovation and productivity, labor market institutions
and power or cooperation relations between state, unions and
employers. At the same time researches that allow comparisons linking
different aspects of the constitution of labor market with living and
working conditions, forms of cultural expression, organization and
power relationships among actors will be accepted in a priority order.

20. State, Centralism and Economic Development of the Peripheral
Regions: Latin America, 19th and 20th centuries
CHAIRS: Carlos Donoso Rojas (Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile), Alberto
Díaz Araya (Universidad de Tarapacá, Chile).
In their extensive list of structural problems, the political,
demographic and economic centralism of part of the countries
Latin-American occupies a seat till now studied only marginally. The
analysis of this phenomenon turns out to be complex, considering that
the variables that determine the concentration in the big urban cores
have answered to incentives as diverse as the periods in which these
develop. Nevertheless, be which is the reason, the productive actors
of peripheral regions of the continent, historically, have generated a
speech concerning the lack of opportunities from the scanty generation
of fiscal policies that promote the development, especially in periods
of crisis, considering his economic potentials. The debate turns out
to be attractive so, beyond the zone and predominant activity, submits
in them a constant concerning the need to consolidate a factor of
Fiscal aid district attorney that promoter of development does not
contemplate, except punctual exceptions, the initiative deprived as
element. In other cases, the question allows to infer the scanty
penetration of State, naivety in the approach of public determinant
policies, or the incipient institutional one in nations. The idea of
this symposium is to assemble papers that allow debating how the
interests deprived with the state ones have related, in regions
removed from the political and financial centers of the respective
nations. They were the responsible States of the progress, or were not
any more that you unite to the development? In what measure did the
relative autonomy of some peripheral regions delay the fiscal
intervention as for the application of policies of economic
development? How did the interests deprived with the state ones gain?

21. 	Prices, Wages, Inequality and the Level of Life in Latin
America, 1700-1850
CHAIRS: Daniel Santilli (Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina),
María Inés Moraes Vázquez (Universidad de la República, Uruguay),
Julio Djenderedjian (Argentina).
No abstract available.

22. 	Natural Resources and the Economy in Latin America (19th century)
CHAIRS: Juan Pedro Cáceres Muñoz (Universidad Católica de Valparaíso,
Chile), Claudio Llanos Reyes (Universidad de Playa Ancha, Chile,
Chile).
The central aim of this session is to promote the discussion on Latin
American economies during the nineteenth century, considering the
importance of natural resources that were available for the economic
development of the new states. Hence, the old dilemma and discussion
about the dependency of our economic development on its monoproductive
and export-centered conditions will be revisited. Thus, the committee
intends to discuss the development of productive sectors related to
cattle farming, mining and agriculture, among others. Finally, the
committee aims to contribute to the historical understanding of the
relationship between economic and social phenomena and the natural
settings within which these have developed. Therefore, the papers that
will be accepted will provide insight into the issues concerning the
economic use and exploitation of forests, energy, raw materials,
environment, water resources, nonrenewable and renewable resources,
infrastructure, energy resources, human resources, mineral resources,
fish and agricultural resources and their impact in the State’s
historical configuration.

23. Monetary Policy in Andean and Caribbean Countries
CHAIRS: Guy Pierre (Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de Mexico,
Mexico), Rebeca Gómez Betancourt (Université Paris II
Panthéon-Sorbonne, France), Bernardo Vega (Fundación Cultural
Dominicana, República Dominicana).
As historians of economics and economists, we formulate several
questions about the degree of success of the Money Doctors’
recommendations on the creation of the central banks in the twenties,
as well as on the degree of effectiveness of the monetary policies
adopted by the Andean and some of Caribbean countries with respect to
their economic growth between the Great Depression of the 1930s and
the long Keynesian cycle in the seventies. The session focuses on a
triple theoretical problem: first, the monetary regimes adopted by
these countries during these years; second, to the fiscal policies
followed by these countries to pay their debt; and, third, to the
exchange rate policies that the monetary authorities implemented to
sustain the economic growth. The theoretical interest of this session
is to build a frame of reference to analyze some policies that the
same and other Latin American countries developed between the 1982
debt crisis and the adoption of the “Consensus of Washington” at the
end of the eighties. Very few opportunities have been offered to the
historians of economics and economists to debate the origin of these
problems.

24. Port Firms and Exchange Circuits in the Atlantic World: Latin
America, the Caribbean and the Iberian Peninsula, 17th-19th centuries
CHAIRS: Mario Alberto Trujillo Bolio (Centro de Investigaciones y
Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, Mexico), Miguel Suárez
Bosa (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain).
No abstract available.

25. Labor, Population and Trade in the Contemporary World (1789-1914)
CHAIRS: Rosângela Ferreira Leite (Universidade Federal de São Paulo,
Brazil), Paulo Cesar Gonçalves (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil),
Vera Lucía Amaral Ferlini  (Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil).
This symposium aims to establish a meeting place for researchers that
discuss the links among labor, populations and trade during the "long
19th Century" (1789-1914). At least three central themes will be
target: 1) The specific bounds between commercial transformations and
the shaping of the production; 2) The population's arrangement and 3)
The making of the Labor World. Through a diachronic perspective, the
common ground required to work with them, it concentrates at the
political and social struggles, the government forms and the
incorporation of vast Latin American regions into the world-economy.

26. Global Financial Crises in Historical Perspective: 1929 and 2008-2009
CHAIRS: Graciela Márquez Colín (El Colegio de México, Mexico), Carlos
Marichal (El Colegio de México, Mexico)
The 1929 financial crisis and the Great Depression of 1930s imprinted
a profound mark on the economic development of the entire World. Both
economics and economic policy changed significantly and the growth
patterns of many regions did so too. The subprime crisis that exploded
at the end of 2008 and its aftermath have opened a growing interest
among economist and economic historians on our understanding of the
1929 and 2008-2009 global financial crisis. The goal of the symposium
is to find the parallelisms and differences between both crises, their
regional impact and, finally to reflect on the lessons learn from
economic history.

27. Financial Crises and Bailouts in the Age of Globalization, 1980-2009
CHAIRS: Enrique Cárdenas (Centro de Estudios Espinosa Yglesias,
Mexico), Gustavo Del Ángel (Centro de Investigación y Docencia
Económicas, Mexico), Sergio Negrete Cárdenas (Instituto Tecnológico y
de Estudios Superiores de Occidente, Mexico).
The symposium deals with the history of financial crisis and the
corresponding financial rescues from the 1980’s to the present. The
period considers the age of globalization characterized by large
capital flows across countries, and includes the 2009 crisis and the
subsequent financial rescue in the US and in other countries.

28. Latin American International Relationships, Connections, Affairs
and Negotiations, 19th and 20th century. Problems and topics
CHAIRS: María Cecilia Zuleta (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana,
Mexico), Gisela Cramer (Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia).
This symposium aims at discussing topics and problems concerning the
historic analysis of Latin American international economic
relationships in XIX and XX centuries from new perspectives of
analysis and examination. It convokes a wide and diverse group of
researches relative to international economic relationships as well as
bilateral-multilateral relationships studies in Latin America, both
focused in the economic aspects of the interaction, is the idea of the
symposium. The historic analysis of different aspects on Latin
American economic dynamics and international interactions is the main
purpose of this symposium wants to establish. Direct discussion
towards reflection on compared and contrasted Latin American history
field is another, wider but not less important, purpose of the
symposium. The symposium’s debate matters are: trade and financial
relations as well as negotiations on commerce, transport and
communication in Latin American modern and contemporary history; the
interaction of actors and agencies on international fields; economical
integration processes; experiences on borders economies conformation
in several continental areas (transnational history of borders); the
dynamics of Inter American and international multilateral
organizations and the participation of different countries, actors,
and agencies at them; the bilateral and multilateral Latin American
historical experience of international treaties and agreements on
transport, communications, energy, or commerce.