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The older econometric literature on exogeneity is not all technical and  
relates to some of these questions.  The best place to start is David F.  
Hendry and Mary S. Morgan, editors. (1995) The Foundations of  
Econometric Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  Also,  
some of the literature on causality is interested in such questions.   
Herbert Simon and Nicholas Rescher ("Causes and Counterfactuals,"  
Philosophy of Science 33, 1966, 323-340) discuss the ideas of  
prepotence and empty worlds in the context of economic systems,  
which are ideas about when we can concentrate on some parts of the  
system and ignore others.    
 
                Kevin Hoover 
 
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