[Selections by Humberto Barreto for SHOE list.]
nep-hpe <https://nep.repec.org/nep-hpe.html> New Economics Papers
<https://nep.repec.org/> on History and Philosophy of Economics
Issue of 2024‒04‒01
papers chosen by
Erik Thomson <http://econpapers.repec.org/RAS/pth72.htm>,
University of Manitoba <http://umanitoba.ca/>
------------------------------
1. “On Two Myths about Ricardo’s Theory of Money”
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p1> By Ghislain
Deleplace
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Ghislain%20Deleplace>
2. “When General Theory met French Politics: the Historical Context of a
Translation”
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p2> By Ghislain
Deleplace
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Ghislain%20Deleplace>
3. Buchanan and the social contract: Coordination failures and the
atrophy of property rights
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p3> By Stefano
Dughera
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Stefano%20Dughera>; Alain
Marciano
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Alain%20Marciano>
4. Dilemmata marktliberaler Globalisierung. Globale Freiheit durch
globalen Wettbewerb?
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p4> By Jakob
Kapeller
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Jakob%20Kapeller>; Georg
Hubmann
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Georg%20Hubmann>
5. Central Bank Cooperation 1930-1932, A Reappraisal
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p5> By Flores
Zendejas, Juan
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Flores%20Zendejas,%20Juan>
; Nodari, Gianandrea
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Nodari,%20Gianandrea>
6. Solidarity initiatives for sustainable development: a gateway to
conceptualising a new responsible and democratic economy
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p6> By Eric
Dacheux
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Eric%20Dacheux>; Daniel
Goujon
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Daniel%20Goujon>
7. “Power Relations and Monetary Ideas: The Case of the Gold-Exchange
Standard in India”
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p7> By Ghislain
Deleplace
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Ghislain%20Deleplace>
8. The Money Doctor Raimundo Fernández Villaverde and the Classical Gold
Standard in Spain
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p8> By
Nogues-Marco,
Pilar
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Nogues-Marco,%20Pilar>
9. Defining Just Transition
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p9> By Giorgos
Galanis
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Giorgos%20Galanis>; Mauro
Napoletano
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Mauro%20Napoletano>;
Lilit
Popoyan
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Lilit%20Popoyan>;
Alessandro
Sapio
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Alessandro%20Sapio>;
Olivier
Vardakoulias
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Olivier%20Vardakoulias>
10. Welfare and the Act of Choosing
<https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#m_-2202506881064051919_p10> By B.
Douglas Bernheim
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=B.%20Douglas%20Bernheim>
; Kristy Kim
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Kristy%20Kim>; Dmitry
Taubinsky
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Dmitry%20Taubinsky>
------------------------------
1. “On Two Myths about Ricardo’s Theory of Money”
<http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04429292>
By: Ghislain Deleplace
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Ghislain%20Deleplace>
(LED
- Laboratoire d'Economie Dionysien - UP8 - Université Paris 8
Vincennes-Saint-Denis)
Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to challenge two widely-held myths
about Ricardo's theory of money and to suggest between the value and the
quantity of money owes nothing to a commodity-theory of money (Section 2)
or to the Quantity Theory of Money (Section 3) but puts the market price of
the standard of money centre-stage (Section 4). Ricardo's applied
pronouncements on money then appear as direct consequences of this theory
(Section 5). Publication: Deleplace, G. (2023 b), "On Some Myths about
Ricardo's Theory of Money, " in King, J. E. (ed.), The Anthem Companion to
David Ricardo, London: Anthem Press: 9-28. hal-04257033
Keywords: Ricardo David Money Standard of money Quantity theory of money
Monetary policy
Date: 2022–06–09
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04429292&r=hpe
2. “When General Theory met French Politics: the Historical Context of a
Translation” <http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04429248>
By: Ghislain Deleplace
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Ghislain%20Deleplace>
(LED
- Laboratoire d'Economie Dionysien - UP8 - Université Paris 8
Vincennes-Saint-Denis)
Abstract: Part of the works of Richard Arena (Arena et Maricic, 1988;
Arena and Schmidt, 1999; Arena, 2000) has been devoted to the reactions of
French economists to the publication of General Theory. In fact the French
translation of this book, completed in 1939 but only published in 1942, did
not originate from an academic interest (although according to Keynes the
book was "chiefly addressed to [his] fellow economists") but a political
one: the translator, Jean de Largentaye, implemented it when, as a
high-ranking public officer, he was confronted to issues related to the
ruling monetary situation or a prospective plan of economic recovery. Using
the private correspondence between Keynes and Largentaye and other sources
of the same period, my contribution aims at clarifying the historical
context in which the French translation of General Theory was prepared and
published. As such it is complementing a study of the theoretical stakes of
the translation that I recently published elsewhere (Deleplace 2021).
Publication: Deleplace, G. (2024 b), "When General Theory met French
Politics: the Historical Context of a Translation, " in Dal Pont Legrand,
M. and Gloria, S. (eds.) Fifty Years of Economics through the Lenses of
Historians of Economic Thought, New York: Springer, à paraître.
Keywords: Keynes, General Theory, traduction française, Largentaye
Date: 2022–05–19
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04429248&r=hpe
3. Buchanan and the social contract: Coordination failures and the
atrophy of property rights
<http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:afd:wpaper:2403>
By: Stefano Dughera
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Stefano%20Dughera>
(University
of Piemonte Orientale); Alain Marciano
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Alain%20Marciano>
(University
of Torino)
Abstract: James Buchanan advocated that societies should be based on a
social contract. He rejected anarchy, seeing it as a “Hobbesian jungle”
that calls for government intervention to maintain social order. He also
opposed to theories of spontaneous order. These views led to debates about
the compatibility of Buchanan’s works with classical liberalism, and even
with democracy. This paper contributes to this discussion by exploring the
development of Buchanan's views on anarchy from a historical viewpoint. We
argue that Buchanan's earlier works contain a theory of spontaneous
cooperation, and that Buchanan held to this theory until the 1970s. Then,
the deteriorating conditions of American society got him convinced that
albeit anarchy is theoretically desirable, cooperation requires individuals
to enter a social contract and delegate enforcement authority to political
institutions. Overall, the paper reconciles Buchanan's practical views with
his philosophical inclinations, portraying him as a practical contractarian
but a philosophical anarchist.
Keywords: Buchanan; social contract; government intervention; anarchy;
spontaneous order
JEL: B53 H11 P26
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?jel=B53%20H11%20P26>
Date: 2024–03
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afd:wpaper:2403&r=hpe
4. Dilemmata marktliberaler Globalisierung. Globale Freiheit durch
globalen Wettbewerb? <http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:ico:wpaper:151>
By: Jakob Kapeller
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Jakob%20Kapeller>
(Institute
for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg, Germany and Institute for
Comprehensive Analysis of the Economy, Johannes Kepler University Linz,
Austria); Georg Hubmann
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Georg%20Hubmann>
(Institute
for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg, Germany)
Abstract: Liberalism as a social philosophy aims to protect and expand
individual liberty. Liberty is thereby understood in a twofold way
encompassing both, political liberties, like human dignity or democratic
inclusion, as well as economic liberties, like private property rights or
free market access. In this article, we point to the fact that this dual
notion is surrounded by some tensions that become increasingly visible when
discussing the economic and political impacts of increasing international
economic integration, i.e. globalization. Specifically, it is concerned
with the fact that globalization as observed in the last decades was mainly
driven by the principles of economic liberalism, which in some instances
undermines the goals of political liberalism – e.g. due to rising
inequality, increasing path-dependencies or by creating a race for the best
location, that partially undermines the (democratic) sovereignty of nations.
Date: 2023–12
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ico:wpaper:151&r=hpe
5. Central Bank Cooperation 1930-1932, A Reappraisal
<http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:gnv:wpaper:unige:166877>
By: Flores Zendejas, Juan
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Flores%20Zendejas,%20Juan>
; Nodari, Gianandrea
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Nodari,%20Gianandrea>
Abstract: The literature on interwar monetary history has argued that
the lack of central bank cooperation contributed to the pervasive economic
outcome of the 1930s. The reasons for this failure are still an object of
debate. In this paper, we revisit the attitude of individual central banks
to the attempts led by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) to
institutionalise central bank cooperation. We present original archival
evidence to show that the 1931 crisis in central Europe emerged as an
exogenous shock, prompting the BIS to become an international lender of
last resort and increase the resources at its disposal. However, the BIS
relied on member central banks' discretionary behaviour and did not impose
a rules-based system. We observe a contrasting attitude towards
international cooperation between central banks from creditor and borrowing
countries. Some governments prevented their central banks from supporting
the BIS' attempts to increase its financial resources. We conclude that
this interference was a relevant means through which politics hindered a
multilateral response to the crises of the 1930s.
Keywords: Central banking, Great Depression, Financial crises,
International monetary cooperation.
JEL: N0 <http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?jel=N0>
Date: 2023
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gnv:wpaper:unige:166877&r=hpe
6. Solidarity initiatives for sustainable development: a gateway to
conceptualising a new responsible and democratic economy
<http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04451549>
By: Eric Dacheux
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Eric%20Dacheux> (UCA
- Université Clermont Auvergne); Daniel Goujon
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Daniel%20Goujon> (IERP
(EA 3723) - Institut des Etudes Régionales et du patrimoine - UJM -
Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne)
Abstract: Climate change is the symptom of an economy that has moved
away from good household management (oikos, the common root of economy and
ecology, means home). Today's productivist economy is more concerned with
the short-term profitability of assets than with the long-term survival of
the human race. Not only is it slow to take the necessary measures to limit
greenhouse gas emissions, but its race for growth is destroying our
environment. This lack of concern for the environment is compounded by
unsustainable social inequality. This unsustainability is made all the more
glaring by the fact that the poorest people are often the first victims of
climate change. Against this backdrop of social and ecological deadlock, we
urgently need to change our economic paradigm. To do this, we propose to
draw on experiments in the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) that seek to
reconcile the economy and the environment. This text, which is the result
of longitudinal empirical research, has two objectives. The first is to
show that the SSE is teeming with local initiatives that are often in line
with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this contribution, we
will focus on four objectives. The first two are aimed at building an
inclusive society: eradicating poverty and reducing inequality. The other
two contribute to building a sustainable society: decent work and
sustainable growth; responsible consumption and production. For each
objective we will mention several SSE initiatives in order to give a
general overview, but we will only detail one initiative that we feel is
particularly representative of what we are talking about. the second
objective of this paper is to show that these grassroots initiatives are
social innovations which, through the principles they embody, call for a
renewal of economic theory. Indeed, from a conceptual point of view, these
SSE initiatives are based on principles of action (e.g. favouring use over
ownership, deliberation over competition, etc.) which, once articulated,
constitute an economic paradigm favourable to a more ecological and
supportive humanity.
Abstract: El cambio climático es el síntoma de una economía que se ha
alejado de la buena gestión doméstica (oikos, raíz común de economía y
ecología, significa hogar). La economía productivista actual está más
preocupada por la rentabilidad a corto plazo de los activos que por la
supervivencia a largo plazo de la especie humana. No sólo es lenta a la
hora de tomar las medidas necesarias para limitar las emisiones de gases de
efecto invernadero, sino que su carrera en pos del crecimiento está
destruyendo nuestro medio ambiente. Esta falta de preocupación por el medio
ambiente se ve agravada por una desigualdad social insostenible. La
insostenibilidad es tanto más flagrante cuanto que los más pobres suelen
ser las primeras víctimas del cambio climático. En este contexto de colapso
social y ecológico, urge cambiar de paradigma económico. Para ello,
proponemos inspirarnos en las experiencias de la Economía Social y
Solidaria (ESS) que tratan de conciliar la economía y el medio ambiente.
Este texto, fruto de una investigación empírica longitudinal, tiene dos
objetivos. El primero es mostrar que la ESS está repleta de iniciativas
locales que a menudo están en sintonía con los Objetivos de Desarrollo
Sostenible (ODS). En esta contribución, nos centraremos en cuatro
objetivos. Los dos primeros están dirigidos a construir una sociedad
incluyente: erradicar la pobreza y reducir la desigualdad. Los otros dos
contribuyen a construir una sociedad sostenible: trabajo digno y
crecimiento sostenible; consumo y producción responsables. Para cada
objetivo, mencionaremos varias iniciativas de ESS con el fin de dar una
visión general, pero sólo entraremos en detalle en una de ellas que nos
parece especialmente representativa de lo que estamos abordando. El segundo
objetivo de este documento es mostrar que estas iniciativas de base son
innovaciones sociales que, en virtud de los principios que se desprenden de
ellas, requieren una renovación de la teoría económica. En efecto, desde un
punto de vista conceptual, estas iniciativas de ESS se basan en principios
de acción (por ejemplo, fomentando el uso en detrimento de la propiedad, la
deliberación en oposición a la competencia, etc.) que, una vez articulados,
constituyen un paradigma.
Abstract: Le dérèglement climatique est le symptôme d'une économie qui
s'est éloigné de la bonne gestion du foyer (oikos racine commune à économie
et écologie signifie le foyer). L'économie productiviste actuelle se soucie
plus de la rentabilisation de court terme des actifs que de la survie de
l'espèce humaine à long terme. Non seulement elle tarde à prendre les
mesures nécessaires pour limiter l'émission de gaz à effet de serre mais en
plus sa course à la croissance la conduit à détruire notre environnement.
Cette non prise en compte de l'environnement se double d'une inégalité
sociale insoutenable. Insoutenabilité d'autant plus criante que les plus
pauvres sont aussi, bien souvent, les première victimes du dérèglement
climatique. Dans ce contexte d'impasse sociale et écologique, il est urgent
de changer de paradigme économique. Pour ce faire nous nous proposons de
nous appuyer sur des expérimentations relevant de l'Economie Sociale et
Solidaire (ESS) qui cherchent concilier économie et environnement. Ainsi,
ce texte, fruit d'une recherche empirique longitudinale, poursuit deux
objectifs. Le premier est de montrer que l'ESS fourmille d'initiatives
locales qui s'inscrivent souvent dans les objectifs du développement
durable (ODD). Dans cette contribution nous nous centrerons sur quatre
objectifs. Les deux premiers visent la construction d'une société inclusive
: l'éradication de la pauvreté et la réduction des inégalités. Les deux
autres participent à l'élaboration d'une société durable : travail décent
et croissance durable ; consommation et production responsable. Pour chaque
objectif nous évoquerons plusieurs initiatives d'ESS afin de donner un
aperçu général mais nous détaillerons uniquement une initiative qui nous
parait particulièrement représentative de nos propos. Le second objectif de
ce papier est de montrer que ces initiatives de terrain sont des
innovations sociales qui, par les principes qui s'en dégagent, invitent au
renouveau de la théorie économique. En effet, d'un point de vue conceptuel,
ces initiatives d'ESS reposent sur des principes d'actions (par exemple
favoriser l'usage plutôt que la propriété, la délibération plutôt que la
concurrence, etc.) qui, une fois articulés, constituent un paradigme
économique favorable à une humanité plus écologique et plus solidaire.
Keywords: social and solidarity economy, sustainable development, new
paradigm, deliberalism, economía social y solidaria, desarrollo sostenible,
nuevo paradigma, deliberalismo, économie sociale et solidaire,
développement durable, nouveau paradigme, délibéralisme
Date: 2022–10–26
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04451549&r=hpe
7. “Power Relations and Monetary Ideas: The Case of the Gold-Exchange
Standard in India”
<http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04429446>
By: Ghislain Deleplace
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Ghislain%20Deleplace>
(LED
- Laboratoire d'Economie Dionysien - UP8 - Université Paris 8
Vincennes-Saint-Denis)
Abstract: For de Cecco power relations are central in the working of the
pre-WWI international gold standard. He gives an illustration of that in
the chapter of Money and Empire devoted to the relationship between Britain
and India, where the gold-exchange standard is presented as a way for
Britain to get hold of India's trade surplus with the rest of the world in
order to balance her own international accounts. On the contrary, Keynes
praised the Indian gold-exchange standard as a system which not only
allowed stabilising India's relations with the outside world but also
pointed the way to a better-regulated monetary system for any country, in
the line of Ricardo's Ingot Plan nearly one century older. The same notion
may thus be seen alternatively as a powerful tool of domination or as a
good practical idea. The paper describes how Lindsay adapted Ricardo's
scheme to India and contrasts de Cecco's and Keynes's interpretations of
the Indian gold-exchange standard, before suggesting that monetary ideas
can prevail in their own right when they are theoretically well-founded and
practically feasible, independently of the power relations they may
reflect. Publication: Deleplace, G. (2023 a), "Power Relations and Monetary
Ideas: The Case of the Gold-Exchange Standard in India, " Review of
Political Economy, 35 (2): 394-406. hal-04253424
Keywords: Gold exchange Standard, India, De Cecco, Keynes, Lindsay,
Ricardo
Date: 2022–06–28
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04429446&r=hpe
8. The Money Doctor Raimundo Fernández Villaverde and the Classical Gold
Standard in Spain
<http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:gnv:wpaper:unige:172857>
By: Nogues-Marco, Pilar
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Nogues-Marco,%20Pilar>
Abstract: This paper focuses on the Money Doctor Raimundo Fernández
Villaverde, a prominent politician during the Restoration of the Bourbon
monarchy in Spain during the Classical Gold Standard period. He reformed
the fiscal system and proposed monetary reforms to transition Spain to the
Gold Standard after the 1898 Cuban War of Independence. <p>His monetary
reform ultimately failed due to two primary reasons. Firstly, there was a
lack of political consensus, as politicians were more inclined to
prioritise the distribution of spoils to sustain unstable alliances forged
by local political leaders and their clientelist networks, rather than
focusing on the development of long-term policies aimed at achieving party
political goals. Secondly, the resistance from the Bank of Spain to reduce
the circulation of banknotes to deflate the economy, with the aim of
preserving its profits as a private institution that distributed dividends
to its shareholders, took precedence over its role as the guarantor of
exchange rate stability.
Keywords: Money Doctors, Gold Standard, Monetary Orthodoxy, Exchange
Rate Stability, Monetary Reform.
JEL: B31 E42 E58 N13 N0
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?jel=B31%20E42%20E58%20N13%20N0>
Date: 2023
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gnv:wpaper:unige:172857&r=hpe
9. Defining Just Transition
<http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:cgs:wpaper:114>
By: Giorgos Galanis
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Giorgos%20Galanis>
(School
of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London (UK).); Mauro
Napoletano
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Mauro%20Napoletano>
(GREDEG,
CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sciences Po, OFCE, SKEMA Business
School.); Lilit
Popoyan
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Lilit%20Popoyan> (School
of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London (UK).);
Alessandro
Sapio
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Alessandro%20Sapio>
(University
of Naples "Parthenope" (Italy)); Olivier Vardakoulias
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Olivier%20Vardakoulias>
(Climate
Action Network (CAN) Europe (Belgium))
Abstract: Climate change has sparked a vivid discussion on its
socio-economic risks, capturing the attention of academic circles and
policymakers. While it is widely argued that a low-carbon transition should
be socially just, the precise criteria that policies must adhere to, in
order to be universally accepted as `just', remain insufficiently defined.
We draw on relevant theories of distributive justice to provide a formal
definition of a just transition. According to our definition, just
transition policies should minimise costs for the most vulnerable groups
and also take into account the uneven responsibility for causing damages.
Keywords: climate change; distributive justice; green policies; just
transition; inequality
JEL: O13 Q52 Q54 Q58
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?jel=O13%20Q52%20Q54%20Q58>
Date: 2024–03
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgs:wpaper:114&r=hpe
10. Welfare and the Act of Choosing
<http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32200>
By: B. Douglas Bernheim
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=B.%20Douglas%20Bernheim>
; Kristy Kim
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Kristy%20Kim>; Dmitry
Taubinsky
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?aus=Dmitry%20Taubinsky>
Abstract: The standard revealed-preference approach to welfare economics
encounters fundamental difficulties when the act of choosing directly
affects welfare through emotions such as guilt, pride, and anxiety. We
address this problem by developing an approach that redefines consumption
bundles in terms of the sensations they produce, and measures welfare by
blending choice-based methods with self-reported well-being techniques. In
applications to classic social preferences paradigms, our approach shows
that standard revealed-preference methods, including those that exploit
choices over menus, mismeasure welfare because preferences depend on choice
sets, while self-reported happiness and satisfaction are not sufficient
statistics for welfare.
JEL: D60 D91
<http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pf?jel=D60%20D91>
Date: 2024–03
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32200&r=hpe
------------------------------
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