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Sender: Mark Twain Forum <[log in to unmask]>
From: ASPONBERG@VALPO
Date: Wed, 25 Nov 1992 10:14:00 CST
Reply-To: Mark Twain Forum <[log in to unmask]>
Parts/Attachments: text/plain (19 lines)
Leslie Kinton asks, "Since when was it a primary purpose of art to
effect social change."  With respect to literature in English, I
would argue that effecting social change has been a primary purpose
since the time of Chaucer. His decision to write in English, rather
than in the prestige dialects of French or Latin, probably indicates
a desire to "reform" literature and/or his audiences, as well as
entertain them. The Elizabethans cultivated the powerful assiduously
and tended to affirm that whatever was was right. John Milton, however,
used literature as a tool and a weapon, as did Jonathan Swift. The Romantics
all had various kinds of social change in view - though we don't often
teach and read them that way - and their understanding of the relation
of the artist to society only deepened in the works of writers of the
late 19th and 20th century. In American literature, I think Twain must
rank as a strong reformer, especially as he got older and his satire
became sharper and darker.

Gus Sponberg
Valparaiso University

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